Some argue that leaders should just listen to doctors re managing the Coronavirus, however is this good advice? We need to remember that while COVID-19 is an illness, its impacts also extend to our economy, future and current livelihoods, along with our mental and physical wellbeing. This is not just a virus, but a global pandemic that has catastrophic economic implications. Indeed, if we can not afford to eat, or buy medicine we will die, though it may not be from COVID-19 itself.
The impacts of COVID-19 crop up in far reaching places, like rises in divorce rates, such as China's post COVID-19 lock down surge in divorces. Along with shortages of hospital beds for non Coronavirus patients, among other medical resource shortages. Even things like blood donations have been impacted by this virus, with the NHS recently finding that post-Coronavirus blood donations have dropped by 15%. A drop that has led to a shortage of available blood supplies for those in need. Indeed, Coronavirus does not simply infect the lives of those who test positive, but also the very framework and operation of our societies. We need to remember this when determining strategies to tackle this virus.
One things that seems clear, is that locking down ones country does slow the spread of Coronavirus. Looking at the graph below, we can contrast the spread of COVID-19 in places like Italy and China, in order to see this in practice.
Source: Early Warning, ‘Covid-19 update’, by Stuart Stainford, March 11, 2020, http://earlywarn.blogspot.com/2020/03/covid-19-update.html.
However, stopping the spread of COVID-19 at any cost is a terrible idea. We need to find strategies to fight Coronavirus that will cause the least damage to our societies, and their citizens. Killing everyone in the world would stop the spread of Cornoavirus - but it is obviously a terrible solution! The reality is we need to weigh stopping the virus with other factors, such as the economy, in order to make sure we are creating good net outcomes for our communities.
We also need to determine whether the changes relating to Coronavirus cases post-lock down are permanent, or will this virus crop back up when daily life returns? We need to weigh the costs of lock downs to other aspects of human existence. Moreover, we must bear in mind that slowing the spread of COVID-19 is unlikely to be enough. We also want to ensure that people in need can get treatment that is both affordable and accessible. For people who find themselves without an income as a result of this virus, how do we ensure that they do not fall into increasing debt, or are left unable to afford basic necessities? Poverty and unemployment may also lead to increases in suicide rates and crime - are we as a community prepared to deal with these crises?
Looking at the US in particular, in 2019 CNBC reported that 78% of US workers live paycheque to paycheque.[1] An important question to consider is how will these people survive a lock down. Alexandria Ocasio- Cortez argued on Twitter that -
“We need to bailout tipped, freelance, hourly/shift & gig workers. That means: UBI / cash assistance, Rent, Mortgage, & Debt payment suspensions, Paid leave for EVERY worker, Immediate unemployment insurance and Guaranteed healthcare”.[2]
Wherever you personally fall on the matter, there are clearly large economic ramifications for individuals who find themselves without an income, and the method with which we deal with these troubles is complex.
Consideration is also warranted re the long term impacts of a lock down on an economy. Looking at the US once again, we need to consider who the winners and losers of this pandemic may be, and whether the long term outcomes are in societies best interests. For example, the COVID-19 looks like it will hurt small business, potentially speeding up a disastrous trend re the total Amazonification of the economy (referring to Bezos' Amazon company).[3] With large platform-based conglomerates vacuuming up customers and jobs as restaurants, bars, and local shops close down[4]. Exacerbated by the decrees for a limit to 'essential' items, which has the potential to crush countless small businesses, whilst preserving larger conglomerates like Amazon in the process.[5]
We also want to ensure economic stimulus solutions and bail outs go to the people in need , and who are the most deserving. Reports suggesting Canada's Justin Trudeau is considering a multi billion dollar bail out of oil and gas companies is deeply troubling, especially given the unmet needs of people who are most vulnerable. To get a just outcome, we need to ensure our governments act in our best interests, and do not cave to lobbying groups, or conflicts of interest.
Unique solutions for unique countries?
Ultimately, every countries situation will be different. Locking down citizens, and halting economies will not be much use if people are easily coming in and out of ones country from infected places. Indeed, we need to consider things like how fluid our boarders are, and whether the products we are importing are also being treated, to stop the virus entering from surface objects. We also need to determine how countries will enforce compliance with lock down orders? And whether citizens will be able to survive without work? What mechanisms are in place to protect them? And what strategies will be implemented after the lock down to stop the virus from re emerging? These are just an example of some of the potential considerations one may undertake when determining a strategy for managing COVID-19. In the following section we will look at China's approach to halting the spread of COVID-19 via an enforced lock down of the country, forcing people to stay at home.
Introduction to the China lock down
On 18 March 2020, the Chinese leader, Xi Jinping, ordered officials at all levels of the government and Communist party, to move with “urgency” in restoring economic and social order after the COVID-19 lockdown.[6] Xi goes on to say that in low-risk areas, production and normal life “must be fully restored”. [7] The ending of the lock down period, raises questions as to the future of COVID-19 in the region, and the costs of the lock down on the economy and citizens, as well as after care strategies to pervert the reemergence of the pandemic in this region.
COVID-19 Background in China
Over 3000 people have already died in China as a result of the Coronavirus.[8] Thankfully, China is now warming up, and leaving the winter flu season behind them, which should help with the management of the Coronavirus, given the tendency for viruses to be more prolific in Winter, perhaps due to weakened immune systems, and close gatherings. Although viruses do have temperature preferences, COVID-19 still needs to be monitored to determine its breeding nature.
Thanks to strict measures, such as the mandatory lock down the spread of COVID-19 has been halted. Indeed, in spite of over 80,000 people in China having been infected by the virus, the daily number of new infections has dropped dramatically.[9] As of March 21, 2020, China has reported no new locally transmitted infections for several days in a row.[10] Given this success in containing COVID-19 authorities are now loosening the tight restrictions imposed on citizens, and are urging factories and businesses to resume operation, and cranking the economy back up.[11]
The purpose of this article is to examine whether the same lock down approach is a favourable strategy for the US, and similar countries to adopt. Let’s begin by looking at the impact of the lock down on the spread of COVID-19 in China.
Has the lock down stopped the COVID-19 spread in China? And if so for how long?
It appears that the lock down has worked to halt the Coronavirus spread, but sadly once normal life resumes, the risk of COVID-19 cases surging again returns. Indeed, though COVID-19 reported cases, appears to have halted thanks to the China lock down, now people are beginning to engage with each other once again, fears remain that the virus could once again run rampant, which is a fear some experts share now normal life is beginning to resume in China.[12] For example, Jennifer Nuzzo, an epidemiologist at Johns Hopkins University in the US, noted that it “is likely that cases will rise once China eases its control measures. This means they will have to maintain vigilance for a surge of new cases and decide how to respond”.[13]
It is also important to remember how long the Coronavirus can remain dormant and still be spread for a large amount of time after symptoms first emerge. Indeed, the time between when a person is exposed to the virus and when symptoms first appear is typically 5 to 6 days, although may range from 2 to 14 days.[14] Furthermore, the infection period for the virus will vary from person to person, mild symptoms may resolve over just a few days, but recovery may take weeks and in severe cases could be potentially fatal.[15]
COVID-19 may also last on surfaces aiding in the continued spread of the virus. Studies suggest that coronaviruses (including preliminary information on the COVID-19 virus) may persist on surfaces for a few hours or up to several days.[16] So we need to make sure surfaces are disinfected to stop the spread too.
Complicating matters further, some experts have questioned the numbers officials have been reporting, noting inconsistencies in reports, such as those relating to what areas in China are deemed “low risk” areas. [17]
Media, propaganda and the truth
The reality of the COVID-19 situation is hard to fully know, as well as the consequences of the lock down in China. Indeed, there has been a media crackdown in China, which reportedly worsened after the death of Li Wenliang, a doctor who was silenced by the police after he tried to warn about the mysterious virus, on February 7, 2020. [18] It is said that after Dr. Li’s death, many journalists were distressed, and reportedly felt they should have done more to stand up to propaganda orders. For instance, Jie Zhou, a reporter for a Chinese newspaper stated that “I felt like I had become part of the evil”.[19]
Other journalists have raised concerns re the media and the Coronavirus, for example, Mr. Jacob Wang, a journalist for a state-run newspaper in China, knew that Wuhan was still in crisis when reports began circulating online suggesting life was better in Wuhan, as he had recently traveled there to chronicle the failures of the government firsthand.[20] Mr. Wang took to social media to set the record straight, writing a damning post last month about sick patients struggling to get medical care amid a dysfunctional bureaucracy.[21] The New York Times, reported Mr. Wang stating - “People were left to die, and I am very angry about that,” Mr. Wang said in an interview. “I’m a journalist, but I’m also an ordinary human being.”[22] Mr. Wang, also noted that, the Chinese authorities began tightening their grip on media, by instructing both the state-run news media and more commercially minded outlets to limit negative stories, even on topics that once seemed straightforward, such as the economic impact of the virus.[23]
*Note that while we discussed China’s media briefly, Western media also has major issues re COVID-19 reporting, especially relating to the Fox group, who has down played the risk of COVID-19, and other groups who seem to have encouraged alarmism.
Was China’s lock down beneficial?
In our view, yes. As a result of the lock down, the virus spread has been contained to a manageable size, giving the Chinese government time to prepare equipment they will need to combat the virus, such as masks and ventilators. China has also moved into warmer weather, leaving the winter flu season behind. Doctors are also better prepared and trained to deal with COVID-19. We now have new information on how to fight the virus, with several promising drugs being used to fight the virus.[24] For example, doctors have turned to Malaria drugs as potential treatment options, with some studies of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine showing early signs of improving symptoms, and manufacturers are now accordingly donating drugs or looking to increase supplies.[25] China has also implemented strategies to better monitor and control the disease in the future, such as via technology, apps, and systems for monitoring individuals health.
China’s plan for after the lock down
China has not entirely relaxed its guard against the virus. Wuhan is still largely in lockdown, though some people are being allowed back to work. Furthermore, nationwide there are still strict controls, for fear the virus might once again surge.[26] Some measures that have been implemented include certain restaurants and shops being required to have patrons temperatures checked upon entry, and their information logged, while others have implemented quotas for entry into venues.[27] Other measures have also been implemented, such as the use of software like "Health code", that gives individuals one of three colours based on their recent travel history, and is a requirement to present with appropriate ratings for entry into some buildings.[28] Chinese Officials have also worked to manage concerns that imported cases of the virus may erase earlier gains from the lock down, with Beijing and Anhui province requiring travellers from abroad to quarantine in centralised observation areas.[29]
What have other regions like Hong Kong done (Hong Kong is currently a special administrative region of China)?
SARS taught Hong Kong a lot about handling these types of contagious viruses. Hand sanitisers are readily available, and people where masks in public, practicing good hygiene and the appropriate social protocols. Mandatory quarantine for people returning from places like Europe is enforced to minimise the risk of the virus being brought in from outside.
In order to prevent congregation, whilst allowing for some normalcy, many offices have allowed people to return to the office on a roster basis. This means not everyone is in the office at the time, and congregations of people are kept to a minimum based on need. Furthermore, many restaurants and bars are still open, but require patrons to wash their hands and have their temperatures taken before entry into the establishment. These measures ensure that the virus is managed whilst allowing some normalcy in daily life.
Considerations pertaining to adopting China’s lock down measures in places like the US
Lock downs may reduce or halt the spread of COVID-19, however once life returns to normal again, there is a risk of the virus reemerging. Furthermore, there is still an economic trade off with shutting down the economy, as people people need money to survive and buy their basic necessities.
Experts like Chen Xi, an assistant professor at the Yale School of Public Health, have also stated that while he believed China had successfully contained the virus, not all methods adopted were necessary.[30] Chen Xi stated that “I don’t think massive lockdown is so far necessary and feasible."[31] He goes on to note that "Hubei took the lockdown strategy because they covered up for so long that the scale of the crisis was beyond their capacity.”[32] When discussing what measures other countries should follow, Chen Xi stated“mitigation strategies like social distancing, early diagnosis, early isolation, and early treatment are necessary for other countries to seriously consider.”[33]
Indeed, while we can learn a lot from China on how they dealt with COVID-19, like the benefits of testing, and other strategies to slow and treat the virus, there is difficulty in equating the circumstances of both places, and the best solution to handle the Corona crisis. Furthermore, we may not have the full story of the consequences of China’s COVID-19 lock down due to media bias, and in any case equating China and the United States re management of corona is problematic, for a variety of reasons.
Firstly, China and US citizens practice different consumption/ savings habits. We need to consider in places like the US whether the average person has the ability to weather the immediate financial consequences of quarantine. Indeed, unlike Chinese citizens, who have a tendency towards saving, Americans are more reliant on their pay cheques to survive. An economic shut down, may not be survivable for some due to the economic consequences of not having an income. Indeed, China, with a savings rate of 47% in 2017is ranked No. 3 among the 170 countries monitored by the World Bank for savings.[34] This can be contrasted with the US, who as of the January 2020, had a personal saving rate, amounting to 7.9 percent.[35]
Sadly, according to reports 40% of Americans would not have been able to afford a $400 emergency, & that’s before taking into consideration the COVID-19.[36] This suggests that the most disadvantaged groups may not be able to survive losing pay from work. The US needs a strategy to ensure that these groups aren’t abandoned in the quest to slow the spread of the Coronavirus.
Another factor to consider is that China has a tighter grip on the population than the west, giving the Chinese government, a presumably, greater ability to enforce and implement quarantine. Indeed, when China’s policy became even more aggressive re handling corona virus, officials were going door to door for health checks, and forcing anyone ill into isolation. The force and brutality with which this was conducted can be seen when disabled boy reportedly died after he was left without food, water or help when his his father and brother were both quarantined.[37]
Final thoughts on managing the COVID-19
Lock downs can be useful in slowing the spread of COVID-19, that said there needs to be a plan for after the lock down to prevent a resurgence in cases. In any case, it is prudent to promote social distancing, and implement measures to protect high risk groups, like elderly from contracting the virus. It is also wise to educate and encourage people re practicing good hygiene habits. We can also work to prepare for an influx of cases, set up temporary hospitals if needed, and get things like ventilators and masks prepared. Like China we can test people, and use systems to ensure sick people do not spread the virus via similar methods that are used in Hong Kong and China. Governments like the US, ought also work to help ensure disadvantaged people can survive this crisis, especially if in a lock down they lose their income.
One thing worth mentioning briefly, is the value in identifying who is trying to profit off the Corona pandemic. Some things do seem amiss. Indeed, Robert T. Kiyosaki noted in a Tweet that -
“Coronavirus. Smells fishy. In fact worse than fishy. Smells like rotting fish. Not that the virus is not dangerous. What is fishy is the stock market. Biggest drop since 1987 one day biggest gain the next day. Something is rotten.”[38]
This is not the focus of the current article, but it is worth considering those who are or may be reaping benefits off the Coronavirus, at the peoples’ expense. Even in politics we see strange activity, like when North Carolina Senator Richard Burr, reportedly sold off up to US$1.56 million in stock on February 13th, while at the same time he was reassuring the public about Coronavirus preparedness.[39] Alarmingly, at the time of the sale, Burr and the Intelligence Committee were receiving daily briefings about COVID-19, and in a secret recording obtained by NPR, Barr is heard giving attendees of a club luncheon a much different message than most federal government officials, especially President Trump were presenting to the public, re the severity of the virus.[40]
Presidential Candidate Bernie Sanders has also raised concerns re the profiteering of the pharma industry stating that the “pharmaceutical industry must be told in no uncertain terms that the medicines that they manufacture for this crisis will be sold at cost. This is not the time for profiteering or price gouging.”[41] Indeed, some drug corporations have appeared to actively engage in profiteering during this pandemic, such as in January when a US drug maker doubled their price on potential coronavirus treatment therapy, that was touted by Trump, when the China outbreak spread.[42]
Other health care issues pertain to the FDA and insurance companies. For instance, it is also important that drugs that show promise to combat COVID-19 are not subject to unnecessarily lengthy FDA procedures,[43] and that insurance companies do not clog up hospital places. Indeed, Augie Lindmark, a resident physician, at Yale School of Medicine noted in a tweet that “Insurance companies are clogging up the system in the middle of a damn pandemic,”[44] stating that “Our hospital floor is full and we need open beds for the imminent COVID surge. But multiple patients of mine can’t leave the hospital because they’re awaiting prior auths from commercial insurers”.[45]
Other strategies can be implemented re the Coronavirus include things like grocery stores moving to halt in store purchases, with staff collecting shopping lists for customers instead, which would stop panic buying, and the spreading of the virus through objects and human to human contamination.
In any case, whatever one feels on this matter, it seems clear we need to open up dialogue and educate the public on the virus. Sadly, reports have emerged that Coronavirus data is being concealed, around the world, not just in China, but many other countries as well. Indeed, The Trump Administration has recently been called out for withholding important intel re COVID-19 from the public.[46] The public must possess proper information if they are to act in their bests interests. We need greater transparency and accountability for leaders, and media groups, so that they act honourably and not in a self serving fashion. Moreover, we must ensure safe practices, whilst avoiding public panic.
Ultimately, if we work together this pandemic can be neutralised. This virus is bringing to light a lot of issues in this world, and this will hopefully be something we can learn and grow from to produce a more just and fair world in the future.
FOOTNOTES
[1] CNBC, ‘The government shutdown spotlights a bigger issue: 78% of US workers live paycheck to paycheck’, Emmie Martin, January 9, 2019, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/09/shutdown-highlights-that-4-in-5-us-workers-live-paycheck-to-paycheck.html. [2] Alexandria Ocasio- Cortez, Twitter post, March 18 2020, https://twitter.com/AOC/status/1240033079508549633. [3] Brian Merchant, Twitter post, March 20, 2020, https://twitter.com/bcmerchant/status/1240680150288625664. [4] One Zero, ‘Coronavirus Is Speeding Up the Amazonification of the Planet -As restaurants, bars, and local shops close down, platform-based monoliths are vacuuming up customers and jobs’, Brian Merchant, March 19 2020,https://onezero.medium.com/coronavirus-is-speeding-up-the-amazonification-of-the-planet-21cb20d16372. [5] Brian Merchant, Twitter post, March 20, 2020, https://twitter.com/bcmerchant/status/1240680150288625664. [6] The Guardian, ‘China gets a glimpse of life on the other side of coronavirusRestrictions are being eased across China as the number of new infections recorded drops sharply’, Lily Kuo, 21 March, 2020,https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/20/chinese-life-slowly-gets-back-to-normal-as-the-epidemic-subsides-coronavirus. [7] The Guardian, ‘China gets a glimpse of life on the other side of coronavirusRestrictions are being eased across China as the number of new infections recorded drops sharply’, Lily Kuo, 21 March, 2020,https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/20/chinese-life-slowly-gets-back-to-normal-as-the-epidemic-subsides-coronavirus. [8] The Guardian, ‘China gets a glimpse of life on the other side of coronavirusRestrictions are being eased across China as the number of new infections recorded drops sharply’, Lily Kuo, 21 March, 2020,https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/20/chinese-life-slowly-gets-back-to-normal-as-the-epidemic-subsides-coronavirus. [9] The Guardian, ‘China gets a glimpse of life on the other side of coronavirusRestrictions are being eased across China as the number of new infections recorded drops sharply’, Lily Kuo, 21 March, 2020,https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/20/chinese-life-slowly-gets-back-to-normal-as-the-epidemic-subsides-coronavirus. [10] The Guardian, ‘China gets a glimpse of life on the other side of coronavirusRestrictions are being eased across China as the number of new infections recorded drops sharply’, Lily Kuo, 21 March, 2020,https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/20/chinese-life-slowly-gets-back-to-normal-as-the-epidemic-subsides-coronavirus. [11] The Guardian, ‘China gets a glimpse of life on the other side of coronavirusRestrictions are being eased across China as the number of new infections recorded drops sharply’, Lily Kuo, 21 March, 2020,https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/20/chinese-life-slowly-gets-back-to-normal-as-the-epidemic-subsides-coronavirus. [12] The Guardian, ‘China gets a glimpse of life on the other side of coronavirusRestrictions are being eased across China as the number of new infections recorded drops sharply’, Lily Kuo, 21 March, 2020,https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/20/chinese-life-slowly-gets-back-to-normal-as-the-epidemic-subsides-coronavirus. [13] The Guardian, ‘China gets a glimpse of life on the other side of coronavirusRestrictions are being eased across China as the number of new infections recorded drops sharply’, Lily Kuo, 21 March, 2020,https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/20/chinese-life-slowly-gets-back-to-normal-as-the-epidemic-subsides-coronavirus. [14] NSW Government, ‘COVID-19 - Frequently asked questions’, viewed on 20 March, 2020, https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/alerts/Pages/coronavirus-faqs.aspx#1-4. [15] NSW Government, ‘COVID-19 - Frequently asked questions’, viewed on 20 March, 2020, https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/alerts/Pages/coronavirus-faqs.aspx#1-4. [16] NSW Government, ‘COVID-19 - Frequently asked questions’, viewed on 20 March, 2020, https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/alerts/Pages/coronavirus-faqs.aspx#1-4. [17] The Guardian, ‘China gets a glimpse of life on the other side of coronavirusRestrictions are being eased across China as the number of new infections recorded drops sharply’, Lily Kuo, 21 March, 2020,https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/20/chinese-life-slowly-gets-back-to-normal-as-the-epidemic-subsides-coronavirus. [18] New York Times, ‘As China Cracks Down on Coronavirus Coverage, Journalists Fight Back’, Javier C. Hernández, March 14, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/14/business/media/coronavirus-china-journalists.html. [19] New York Times, ‘As China Cracks Down on Coronavirus Coverage, Journalists Fight Back’, Javier C. Hernández, March 14, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/14/business/media/coronavirus-china-journalists.html. [20] New York Times, ‘As China Cracks Down on Coronavirus Coverage, Journalists Fight Back’, Javier C. Hernández, March 14, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/14/business/media/coronavirus-china-journalists.html. [21] New York Times, ‘As China Cracks Down on Coronavirus Coverage, Journalists Fight Back’, Javier C. Hernández, March 14, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/14/business/media/coronavirus-china-journalists.html. [22] New York Times, ‘As China Cracks Down on Coronavirus Coverage, Journalists Fight Back’, Javier C. Hernández, March 14, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/14/business/media/coronavirus-china-journalists.html. [23] New York Times, ‘As China Cracks Down on Coronavirus Coverage, Journalists Fight Back’, Javier C. Hernández, March 14, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/14/business/media/coronavirus-china-journalists.html. [24] New York Post, ‘These are the drugs being tested in fight against coronavirus’, Tamar Lapin, March 19, 2020, https://nypost.com/2020/03/19/these-are-the-drugs-being-tested-in-fight-against-coronavirus/. [25] Wall Street Journal, ‘Doctors Turn to Malaria Drugs as Potential Coronavirus Treatment’, Jared S. Hopkins and Daniela Hernandez, March 20, 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/doctors-turn-to-malaria-drugs-as-potential-coronavirus-treatment-11584729626. [26] The Guardian, ‘China's coronavirus lockdown strategy: brutal but effective’, Emma Graham-Harrison and Lily Kuo, 20 March 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/19/chinas-coronavirus-lockdown-strategy-brutal-but-effective. [27] The Guardian, ‘China's coronavirus lockdown strategy: brutal but effective’, Emma Graham-Harrison and Lily Kuo, 20 March 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/19/chinas-coronavirus-lockdown-strategy-brutal-but-effective. [28] The Guardian, ‘China's coronavirus lockdown strategy: brutal but effective’, Emma Graham-Harrison and Lily Kuo, 20 March 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/19/chinas-coronavirus-lockdown-strategy-brutal-but-effective. [29] The Guardian, ‘China's coronavirus lockdown strategy: brutal but effective’, Emma Graham-Harrison and Lily Kuo, 20 March 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/19/chinas-coronavirus-lockdown-strategy-brutal-but-effective. [30] The Guardian, ‘China's coronavirus lockdown strategy: brutal but effective’, Emma Graham-Harrison and Lily Kuo, 20 March 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/19/chinas-coronavirus-lockdown-strategy-brutal-but-effective. [31] The Guardian, ‘China's coronavirus lockdown strategy: brutal but effective’, Emma Graham-Harrison and Lily Kuo, 20 March 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/19/chinas-coronavirus-lockdown-strategy-brutal-but-effective. [32] The Guardian, ‘China's coronavirus lockdown strategy: brutal but effective’, Emma Graham-Harrison and Lily Kuo, 20 March 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/19/chinas-coronavirus-lockdown-strategy-brutal-but-effective. [33] The Guardian, ‘China's coronavirus lockdown strategy: brutal but effective’, Emma Graham-Harrison and Lily Kuo, 20 March 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/19/chinas-coronavirus-lockdown-strategy-brutal-but-effective. [34] Investopedia, Top 10 Countries That Save the Most’, Jim Probasco, June 13, 2019, https://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/022415/top-10-countries-save-most.asp. [35] Statista, ‘Monthly personal saving rate in the U.S. 2016-2020’, Jennifer Rudden, March 4, 2020, https://www.statista.com/statistics/246268/personal-savings-rate-in-the-united-states-by-month/. [36] Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Twitter post, March 16, 2020, https://twitter.com/AOC/status/1239298220611850253. [37] The Guardian, ‘China's coronavirus lockdown strategy: brutal but effective’, Emma Graham-Harrison and Lily Kuo, 20 March 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/19/chinas-coronavirus-lockdown-strategy-brutal-but-effective., eettsn e virus nformation on how to fight the virus. With several promising drugs being used to fight the virus.ain. [38] Robert T. Kiyosaki, Twitter post, March 14, 2020, https://twitter.com/theRealKiyosaki/status/1238579771086237697 [39] RollingStone, ‘Secret Recording Exposes Intelligence Chairman Warning Donors About Coronavirus 3 Weeks Ago’, Peter Wade, March 19, 2020, https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/secret-recording-intelligence-chairman-warning-donors-about-coronavirus-weeks-ago-969767/. [40] RollingStone, ‘Secret Recording Exposes Intelligence Chairman Warning Donors About Coronavirus 3 Weeks Ago’, Peter Wade, March 19, 2020, https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/secret-recording-intelligence-chairman-warning-donors-about-coronavirus-weeks-ago-969767/. [41] Bernie Sanders, Twitter post, March 15, 2020, https://twitter.com/BernieSanders/status/1238909272236462081. [42] Financial Times, ‘US drugmaker doubled price on potential coronavirus treatment Therapy touted by Trump made more expensive in January as China outbreak spread’, Hannah Kuchler, March 20, 2020, https://www.ft.com/content/b7a21a16-6a1f-11ea-800d-da70cff6e4d3. [43] New York Post, ‘These are the drugs being tested in fight against coronavirus’, Tamar Lapin, March 19, 2020, https://nypost.com/2020/03/19/these-are-the-drugs-being-tested-in-fight-against-coronavirus/. [44] Augie Lindmark, Twitter post, 19 March, 2020, https://twitter.com/AugieLindmark/status/1240405791821254657. [45] Augie Lindmark, Twitter post, 19 March, 2020, https://twitter.com/AugieLindmark/status/1240405791821254657.
[46] CleanTechnica, ‘Coronavirus Data Is Being Concealed By The Trump Administration’, Anita Desikan, March 24, 2020, https://cleantechnica.com/2020/03/24/coronavirus-data-is-being-concealed-by-the-trump-administration/.
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